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We can extend the above magnification formula to include other mirrors as  Another reason why the image is virtual in plane mirrors is that image is formed on the opposite side of the mirror where the object does not exist. The principal axis is taken as the x-axis of our coordinate system. In some cases where the mirrors are curved, you may be given the focal length of a mirror. d. All the distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole (p) of the mirror. The image distance $q$ is always equal to the object distance $p$ (proved above). Answer: See the above section about properties of plane mirror for the correct answer which is (d). Use the following optics equations for your imaging needs: Lateral magnification: Lateral magnification is one way you can describe how big the image is compared to the original object. b. In addition, there are hundreds of problems with detailed solutions on various physics topics. In the plane mirrors, we have always this case. From the figure given above, it is obvious that the object AB is placed at a distance of U from P which is the pole of the mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror? The Mirror formula explains how object distance (u) and image distance (v) are related to the focal length of a spherical mirror. The above formula for lateral magnification is a general definition of any type of mirror. From the lateral magnification, we can deduce the orientation of the object’s image. Consequently, from similarity of triangles $\Delta POB$ and $\Delta P'OB$ we have the following ratios between the lengths of the triangles Tutorials and Solved Problems on Plane Mirrors, Spherical mirrors, and Lenses are presented here. In this section, we review the most important topics in plane (flat) mirrors in physics including image formation by ray diagrams, image properties of plane mirrors, proving the equality of image and object distance and definition of lateral magnification in plane mirrors. From this construction, one can observe that the two triangles $\Delta POB$ and $\Delta P'OB$ are similar since all angles between those are the same. The pole (p) of the mirror is taken as the origin. Physexams.com, Plane mirror- Definition, Properties and Ray Diagram. Again using the law of reflection, the reflected ray from the latter mirror is $\theta_r=70{}^\circ$. by Let's start to define some elements of the method of image formation by a plane mirror. Image with respect to the object is always lateral inversion that is the right side of an object projected as left side in the image (the object's right point $b$ is projected as image's left point $b$ in the figure below). Here are the equations: Locating images formed by mirrors: An object placed a certain distance away from a mirror will produce an image at a certain distance from the mirror. When $m>0$, we say that the image is erect or upright. Object distance is the distance of the object from the pole of the mirror; denoted by the letter u. We can extend the above magnification formula to include other mirrors as For flat mirrors, no light rays actually intersect at the point $P'$ (image point) but from the point of view of an observer appears that the light rays originate from that point and that's why we called this image as a virtual image. © 2015 All rights reserved. \begin{align*} m \equiv \frac{\text{image height}}{\text{object height}}&=\frac{h_i}{h_O}\\  The lateral magnification for a plane mirror is one (m= 1 m = 1) since the image height of an object in the plane mirror is the same size as the object i.e. The distance $s'$ which is the distance of the image from the plane mirror is called the image distance. The absolute value of lateral magnification is (1)/(2). A ray of light is incident at $50{}^\circ$ on the first mirror. Practice more problems: Mirrors and Lenses - Problems and solution. Plane mirrors in physics are the ones that have a flat reflecting surface and produce always a virtual image. In other words, since the light rays don't intersect each other on a physical screen so proved that the image formed in a plane mirror is virtual. $OP=OP'$ which is the required result. The derivation of mirror formula is given below. It is given as, \frac {1} {i} + \frac {1} {o} = \frac {1} {f} i= distance of the image from the lens. The intersection of the two backward rays lies along the horizontal axis, behind the mirror, where the image point $P'$ is formed. One of them incident normally on the mirror and the other strikes the mirror at an angle of incidence $\theta$ and is reflected at an equal angle with the normal (due to the law of reflection: all rays striking any surface (polished or rough) are reflected at an angle from the normal equal to the incident angle). \begin{align*}\frac {OP}{OP'}=\frac {OB}{OB} =1\\ \frac {PB}{P'B}=\frac {OB}{OB} =1 \end{align*} Image is always upright that is the upward direction of the tip of an arrow object is also upward in the image. Sign rule for the image distance: when the image is on the same side of the refracting or reflecting surface (polished side) as the outgoing light, then the image distance is positive $q>0$, otherwise, it is negative. $q<0$ and proves that $m>0$. The individuals who are preparing for Physics GRE Subject, AP, SAT, ACT exams in physics can make the most of this collection. To use this revised definition, we need some sign conventions to get a correct magnification size and sign. Use these equations: Location of images formed by a refracting surface: An object placed a certain distance away from a refracting surface will produce an image at a certain distance from the surface. o= distance of the object from the lens. The lateral magnification for a plane mirror is one ($m=1$) since the image height of an object in the plane mirror is the same size as the object i.e. Now that the basics of image formation using a ray diagram in plane mirrors are reviewed, practice the following example. But there are situations (such as in the spherical mirror) in which the lateral magnifications is negative $m<0$. Mirrors are defined as one side-polished surface that can reflect the light rays. The backward extension of the ray $OP$ is along the horizontal axis. Solution: By the law of reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, the reflected ray from the first incident on the horizontal mirror is at angle $50{}^\circ$. Why are the image distance and object distance equal in the plane mirror? An object is 30.0 cm from a spherical mirror along the central axis. In any image forming instruments, we can define a useful quantity which is the ratio of the image height $h_i$ to the object height $h_O$ and is called the lateral magnification $m$ $m=\frac{\text{image height}}{\text{object height}}=\frac{h_i}{h_O}$ Here are the equations: Locating images formed by mirrors: An object placed a certain distance away from a mirror will produce an image at a certain distance from the mirror. Lateral magnification: Lateral magnification is one way you can describe how big the image is compared to the original object. (b) Image has sometimes apparent left-right reversal. Imaging is a key function of optics. 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