The city was once the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and the only remaining Islamic capital that retains its original plan, architecture and artistic relics. Although quite often called Mamluk slave soldiers, their status was quite elevated; some of their commanders bore Sogdian titles of nobility. Site Assessment: Pinnacle of the minaret was damaged April 1, 2005 by a bomb reportedly placed by insurgents in response to U.S. forces prior use of the minaret as a sniper's nest beginning in September, 2004; March, 2005, Iraq State Board of Antiquities ordered U.S. forces to vacate the Minaret. It was built by Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 860 AD as a smaller version of the Great Mosque and its Spiral minaret. The Archnet Digital Library describes the Al-Mutaqakkil Mosque and Minaert al-Malwiya at Samarra in the following manner: "While the outer wall still stands, little remains of the interior of the mosque today. It testifies to the architectural and artistic innovations that developed there and spread to the other regions of the Islamic world and beyond. It has been posited that featured over each entrance were several small arched windows. The caliph and his successors developed Samarra, which was a two days' journey and 125 kilometres to the north of Baghdad, turning it into one of the most complex and sophisticated cities in the world. Its axis coincides with the mosque. The seat of the caliphs, the centre of Samarra, measured 125 hectares in size. The Caliphs Residence - Built by Caliph Al-Mu'tasim in 835 AD to overlook the Tigris river with 700 m long front. Samarra is the site of Shiite Al Askari Mosque. The possibility of a larger population was offered by the opening of the Qatul al-Kisrawi, the northern extension of the Nahrawan Canal which drew water from the Tigris in the region of Samarra, attributed by Yaqut al-Hamawi (Muʿjam, see under "Qatul") to Khosrau I (531–578). After abandonment by the Caliphate, occupation continued in a few areas near the nucleus of the modern city but most of the remaining area was left untouched until the early 20th century. Claims have been made that the Great Mosque of Samarra could be compared to the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus as glass mosaics were pervasive throughout the site. Samarra — Al-Mutawakkil Mosque & Minaret al-Malwiya. Of its remains, nowadays, you can see a group of 3 ewans (arched facades), the central one measuring 17.5x8 m, with a height of 12 m. These ewans were called Bab Al-'Amma (The Commoners Gate): the Caliph would sit there to hear the people's complaints and suggestions, as Muslim Caliphs always took personal interest in their citizens' affairs. About 60 miles north of Baghdad, on the Tigris. Though Samarra is famous for its Shi'i holy sites, including the tombs of several Shi'i Imams, the town was traditionally and until very recently, dominated by Sunni Arabs. Wilhelm II had concluded a secret agreement with his ally, Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire. Al-Askari Shrine - It is one of the most important Shī‘ah Shrines in the world, built in 944. It gives an impression of what the inside of palaces and private homes in the Abbasid capital must have looked like. Prior to current hostilities, the State Party protected the site from intrusions, whether farming or urban, under the Archaeological Law. The abstract Samarran style, with its rows of patterns, succeeded the tendrils and grapes that dominated the style of Late Antiquity and spread far beyond the borders of the city. [9] The mosque compound and minarets had been closed since the 2006 bombing. Karbala is also the site of two important Shiite mosques, Al Abbass Mosque and Imam Hussain Mosque. The city preserves two of the largest mosques (Al-Malwiya and Abu Dulaf) and the most unusual minarets, as well as the largest palaces in the Islamic world (the Caliphal Palace Qasr al-Khalifa, al-Ja'fari, al Ma'shuq, and others). Aerial photographs provide evidence that an expansive enclosed field measuring 376 x 444 meters (approximately 17 hectares) surrounded the mosque with a brick wall. A city of Sur-marrati (refounded by Sennacherib in 690 BC according to a stele in the Walters Art Museum) is insecurely identified with a fortified Assyrian site of Assyrian at al-Huwaysh on the Tigris opposite modern Samarra. ", Translated from the German by Aingeal Flanagan. Following the loss of the monuments of Baghdad, Samarra represents the only physical trace of the Caliphate at its height. Located on both sides of the River Tigris 130 km north of Baghdad, the length of the site from north to south is 41.5 km; its width varying from 8 km to 4 km. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iraq. When writing about the Palace of the Caliph in 1914, he noted "that the surface area of the palace is approximately the size of the centre of Berlin, which is bounded by Leipziger Strasse in the South, the Brandenburg Gate in the West, and the Spree in the North and East." The physical remains of this empire are usually poorly preserved since they are frequently built of unfired brick and reusable bricks. A total of 80,000 Muslims could worship there at the same time. The ‘Askariyya Shrine is also known as the "Tomb or Mausoleum of the Two Imāms", "the Tomb of Imāms ‘Alī al-Hādī (10th Imam) and Hasan al-‘Askarī" (11th Imam)) and Hakimah Khatun (sister of Ali al-Hadi) and Narjis (mother of Muhammad al-Mahdi the twelfth Shia Imam). No organization claimed responsibility for the bombing. Al-Malwiyah Historical Site - Al-Malwiyah is a spiral minaret of what is called The Great Mosque of Samarra.It`s build in 847AC by the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil. At the top of the tower rests a round vestibule, which is adorned with eight pointed-arched niches.". The boundaries of the core and buffer zones appear to be both realistic and adequate. Never before had archaeologists focussed so systematically and exclusively on the Islamic period. Initially, conditions for Herzfeld were very good indeed. Musicians from Morocco to Iraq have been crossing paths at the Oriental Summer Academy in south-western Germany for ten years. The city was briefly not only the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, but also – as the title of the special exhibition at the Berlin Museum of Islamic Art puts it – the Centre of the World. The Great Mosque of Samarra was, for a time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a spiralling cone 52 metres (171 ft) high and 33 metres (108 ft) wide with a spiral ramp. It is said to have been large enough to hold 100,000 people. During the 20th century, Samarra gained new importance when a permanent lake, Lake Tharthar, was created through the construction of the Samarra Barrage, which was built in order to prevent the frequent flooding of Baghdad. Since 1946, the notebooks, letters, unpublished excavation reports and photographs have been in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.
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