In the 1930s he began experimenting with sculpture and after 1935 he worked primarily in this medium...... Click the link for more information. and Barbara HepworthHepworth, Dame Barbara,1903–75, English sculptor. Such artists as CourbetCourbet, Gustave, 1819–77, French painter, b. Ornans. and the Italians Giacomo Manzù and Marino MariniMarini, Marino, 1901–66, Italian sculptor. Duchamp is noted for his cubist-futurist painting Nude Descending a Staircase,..... Click the link for more information. Brancusi is considered one of the foremost of modern artists. Other important innovations of the late 19th cent. In the 1890s the NabisNabis[Heb.,=prophets], a group of artists in France active during the 1890s. , DegasDegas, Edgar(Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas) , 1834–1917, French painter and sculptor, b. Paris; son of a banker. Arp was connected with the Blaue Reiter in Munich, various avant-garde groups in Paris, including the surrealists, and the Dadaists in Zürich...... Click the link for more information. It was founded by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko in Russia around 1915. By the beginning of the 20th century, architects also had increasingly abandoned past styles and conventions in favour of a form of architecture based on essential functional concerns. With the rise of fascismfascism, totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. In 1910 he went to Paris, where the influence of cubism stimulated the development of his geometric, nonobjective style, which he called..... Click the link for more information. (1913). They made random spots of color and encrusted the canvas with strokes that did not always correspond to the object that they were depicting but that formed coherent internal relationships. His brief, turbulent, and tragic life is thought to epitomize the mad genius legend...... Click the link for more information. An avowed realist, Courbet was always at odds with vested authority, aesthetic or political...... Click the link for more information. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature. chose to paint scenes of ordinary daily and nocturnal life that often offended the sense of decorum of their contemporaries. , Yves TanguyTanguy, Yves, 1900–1955, French surrealist painter. In sculpture its notable exponents included Picasso, Duchamp-VillonDuchamp-Villon, Raymond, 1876–1918, French sculptor; brother of the artists Marcel Duchamp and Jacques Villon. Cézanne was the leading figure in the revolution toward abstraction in modern painting...... Click the link for more information. From 1909, Lipchitz studied in Paris, where he became a member of the Esprit Nouveau group...... Click the link for more information. . It began in the 1880s as a reaction against the historical emphasis of mid-19th-century art, but did not survive World War I...... Click the link for more information. On his return to Paris in 1850 he studied art with the French academic painter Thomas Couture...... Click the link for more information. and the vivid fantasies of the Belgian James EnsorEnsor, James Ensor, Baron, 1860–1949, Belgian painter and etcher. The native sculpture of Mexico deeply impressed him...... Click the link for more information. , and Herbert FerberFerber, Herbert,1906–91, American sculptor, b. movement. The aim of surrealism was to reveal the unconscious and reconcile it with rational life, Abstract expressionism: In the 1940s and 1950s American painters such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de Kooning developed a new approach to painting characterised by gestural mark-making, and the impression of spontaneity. Nancy Ireson, Artist Dexter Dalwood and curator Nancy Ireson explore the enduring influence and legacy of self-taught artist Henri Rousseau, For this research article, art historian Martin Hammer reviews Kenneth Clark’s public spat with Herbert Read about modern art, situating …, This paper considers the historical coincidence of modernism and the heroic age of Antarctic exploration. Paul Sérusier and Maurice Denis were the principal theorists of the group. , created a disciplined, nonobjective art. Its practitioners, including Salvador Dalí and Yves Tanguy, often make use of Renaissance concepts of perspective and various academic conventions...... Click the link for more information. A member of the Berlin secession from 1908 to 1911, he was impressionistic in his early style. Thus began a definite separation of the image and the subject. , ModiglianiModigliani, Amedeo, 1884–1920, Italian painter, b. Livorno. , Jackson PollockPollock, Jackson,1912–56, American painter, b. Cody, Wyo. He studied in Oslo and under Bonnat in Paris, traveled in Europe, and lived in Berlin from 1892 to 1908...... Click the link for more information. , using bold masses, gave to color an unprecedented excitement and emotional intensity (see postimpressionismpostimpressionism,term coined by Roger Fry to refer to the work of a number of French painters active at the end of the 19th cent. Over the span of these movements, artists increasingly focused on the intrinsic qualities of their media—e.g., line, form, and colour—and moved away from inherited notions of art. founded suprematismsuprematism,Russian art movement founded (1913) by Casimir Malevich in Moscow, parallel to constructivism. They also wanted to capture the movement and effects of light that they saw in nature and rejected established styles, using instead rapid brush marks and bright colours.

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