Some of the categories that achieved higher consensus refer to cognitive functions, such as b164 Higher-level cognitive functions. Some studies indicate an imbalance between the 2 may be the basis of the problem. %PDF-1.4 %���� Conceptualization, 0000006354 00000 n 0 Furthermore, experts did not need to have specific knowledge about the ICF, and they were selected without taking into account their therapeutic orientation or training background. This journal evolved into the following structure: description of personal pain body, moving forward with transformations, and active livingimplementation of intention and desire that continues. This area is one of the main targets of psychological interventions such as cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), which aims to improve neurocognition and other functional outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia [23]. Such a large sample is not common in this kind of study [44,45]. The goals of these interventions are manifold, with key targets being to improve psychological wellbeing and quality of life, neurocognition, and family communication. There's a connection between neurotransmitters and schizophrenia because drugs that alter the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are known to relieve some of the symptoms of schizophrenia. The purpose is to achieve consensus from a panel of individuals with knowledge of the topic of interest (hereinafter, experts). Indeed, we sought to obtain a sample of experts that, as far as possible, reflected worldwide variety in all the variables considered (e.g., gender, age, years of experience, and region). Writing – review & editing, Affiliations The Institutional Review Board Committee of University of Barcelona approved the Study IBR00003099. Most of the categories that psychologists regarded as important coincide with those identified in the validation study from the perspective of psychiatrists [14], suggesting that the proposed list of Personal factors captures the aspects that merit particular consideration in this population. In order to be able to compare our findings with the ICF-CSs for schizophrenia, which comprise solely second-level categories, all third- and fourth-level categories identified in the Delphi process were aggregated to their corresponding second-level category. Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.g002. Psychological interventions also address other categories that were associated with high agreement, namely psychosocial functions (b122 Global psychosocial functions [24]), functions affected by negative symptoms (e.g., b130 Energy and drive functions and b152 Emotional functions [25,26]), and classical symptoms in schizophrenia such as delusions and hallucinations (e.g. This study aimed to explore the content validity of these ICF Core Sets and to identify the most common problems in people with schizophrenia from the perspective of psychologists. Copyright: © 2019 Nuño et al. These results suggest that psychologists ascribe considerable importance to the impact of environmental factors on the functioning of a person with schizophrenia, a point already made by other authors [34,35]. At the 54th World Health Assembly on 22 May 2001 the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was officially endorsed (resolution WHA 54.21) by all 191 member states of the World Health Organization (WHO) as the international standard to describe and measure health and disability [11]. These results support the content validity of these ICF Core Sets from the perspective of psychologists. DeepDyve's default query mode: search by keyword or DOI. This reflects the fact that schizophrenia has a major impact on everyday functioning in all these areas, and illustrates why the main long-term therapeutic goals in the psychological treatment of these individuals are not limited to specific symptoms, but rather focus on improving patients’ psychosocial functioning [32,33]. Seventy-three of the 97 ICF categories that form the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for schizophrenia achieved consensus, and only three categories that yielded consensus do not feature in this Core Set. Citation: Nuño L, Guilera G, Coenen M, Rojo E, Gómez-Benito J, Barrios M (2019) Functioning in schizophrenia from the perspective of psychologists: A worldwide study. endstream endobj 133 0 obj <>/Metadata 19 0 R/PageLabels 16 0 R/Pages 18 0 R/StructTreeRoot 21 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 134 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 585.0 783.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 135 0 obj <> endobj 136 0 obj <> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <> endobj 139 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20349#20C/DeviceCMYK<>] endobj 140 0 obj <> endobj 141 0 obj <> endobj 142 0 obj <>stream Schizophrenia is thought to be the result of a culmination of biological and environmental factors. Risk Factors Early Warning Signs Causes, Schizophrenia is thought to be the result of a culmination of biological and environmental factors. Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Roles Conceptualization, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.g003. In fact, these functions are mainly assessed by other professionals, such as endocrinologists (weight maintenance) or physiotherapists (movement abnormalities). Consequently, the WHO has established a protocol to develop ICF Core Sets (ICF-CSs) for specific health conditions. Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia. Those ICF categories and Personal factors that were reported by less than 5% of the experts (98 ICF categories and 20 personal factors) were excluded from the second round; ICF categories coded as ‘other specified’ or ‘unspecified’ at the second-level (n = 11 ICF categories) were also excluded. While there is no definitive answer to this question, neurotransmitters— the chemical messengers that send information throughout the brain and body—appear to play an important role in the development of schizophrenia symptoms.9 Neuroimaging studies have found structural differences in the brains and central nervous systems of people with schizophrenia.10 It is possible that hundreds of genes play a subtle role in disrupting brain development itself. As I developed solutions to my pain body, the structure of the psychological causes of my paranoid schizophrenia became clear. An open mind, moving forward in work, self-direction, and transformative learning have contributed significantly to my recovery. • Disruptions in brain structures, brain function, and brain chemistry. This is likely due to the multidisciplinary approach that was used to develop this ICF-CS, which aims to cover the main intervention targets not merely of a specific professional group (in this case, psychologists) but of all health professionals involved in the treatment of individuals with schizophrenia [11]. With respect to the Activities and Participation component, all the categories that reached consensus (n = 32) form part of the ICF-CS for schizophrenia. 13. This level of agreement supports the relevance of personal factors to the assessment and treatment of individuals with schizophrenia. Writing – original draft, Affiliations Fifty-three categories were proposed for the Personal factors identified. Based on previous studies [14,20], consensus was defined as agreement among at least 75% of participants. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s005, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s006, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.s007. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychological and psychosocial issues" applicable to this article? These results are in line with those obtained in the validation study from the perspective of psychiatrists, where all the categories of the Brief ICF-CS and 90% of those in the Comprehensive version yielded consensus. Take This Treatment Quiz, 5 Things You Need to Stop Telling Yourself if You Want to Improve Your Mental Health, The Mindfulness Guide for People Too Busy to Meditate, How to Improve Sleep: 5 Ways to Find a Sleep Strategy That Works, Work Anxiety: 10 Tips to Manage Anxiety at Work, What You Need To Know About Cocaine and Crack. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217936.t003. With respect to the Body functions component, an agreement of 75% or higher was achieved for 14 categories. Methodology, I continue on a low maintenance dose of atypical antipsychotic medication. Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly. Another strength of the study is that participation was possible in any of five languages, and this is likely to have been a key factor in achieving such a multicultural and multinational representation. 11,12 Childhood abuse and psychological trauma have also been found to be associated with development of schizophrenia later in life and, therefore, may constitute risk factors for this disorder. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, 132 0 obj <> endobj The responses gathered in the first round were then linked to ICF categories using established ICF linking rules [16,17].

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