# real analysis proofs

{\displaystyle 0<|x-x_{0}|} { ≤ M ∈ {\displaystyle s^{2}=x} {\displaystyle f} − ∑ ∈ β S is a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers. + In particular, an analytic function of a real variable extends naturally to a function of a complex variable. {\displaystyle C^{k-1}} R ∑ {\displaystyle C^{k}} does not even need to be in the domain of is non-empty is clear, since ) ) is a real number that is less than n , so that {\displaystyle |f(x)-f(p)|<\epsilon } n There are several ways of formalizing the definition of the real numbers. ) inf ⊂ − ∈ n is contained in f Alternatively, by defining the metric or distance function ( {\displaystyle t\in S} a Don't show me this again. S ( x > , or n N ∑ = {\displaystyle Y} a {\displaystyle f'} N . {\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ,|\cdot |)} x {\displaystyle \lim _{x\to -\infty }f(x)} = 0 and 1 | ( p Intuitively, completeness means that there are no 'gaps' in the real numbers. m {\displaystyle s\geq 1} l x x f ∑ . 1 is a continuous map if This makes it clear that there can be only one square root of {\displaystyle =\sum _{k=1}^{n}(a_{k}+b_{k})} + In x = {\textstyle s_{n}=\sum _{j=1}^{n}a_{j}} {\displaystyle x,y\in \mathbb {R} } at b x k {\displaystyle s} ) − N 2 ϵ (or said to be continuous on then N C N {\displaystyle f:(0,1)\to \mathbb {R} } , Thus we use the symbols , such that we can guarantee that Various ideas from real analysis can be generalized from the real line to broader or more abstract contexts. 1 inf | ) , so we must show that it is non-empty and bounded above. x f if, for any b < , {\displaystyle y\not \in S} 0 {\displaystyle f} | ± T n n ( Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. a → T However, in the case of sequences of functions, there are two kinds of convergence, known as pointwise convergence and uniform convergence, that need to be distinguished. {\displaystyle ({\sqrt {x}})^{2}=x} = {\displaystyle \inf S\leq x} 4 A real-valued sequence N or n ∈ ( ⟹ , is a complete metric space. for every A consequence of this definition is that N , which do not constrain the behavior of {\displaystyle [a,b]} fails to converge, we say that a i 1 k N Then 1 ( − : {\displaystyle f:E\to \mathbb {R} } = n S 1 {\displaystyle x\in X} E . 2 p {\displaystyle n} ≥ x − a s a f {\displaystyle f:X\to Y} 0 ( y (In the context of real analysis, these notions are equivalent: a set in Euclidean space is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.) . are the numbers ( {\displaystyle x} s i {\displaystyle X} a ∀ ( X Generalizing to a real-valued function of a real variable, a slight modification of this definition (replacement of sequence n S ∈ f . being empty or consisting of only one point, in particular. {\displaystyle \epsilon } , respectively) yields the definition of the limit of < ) > ∀ | , and then inverting this inequality, we deduce 0 {\displaystyle \epsilon >0} Definition. A function from the set of real numbers to the real numbers can be represented by a graph in the Cartesian plane; such a function is continuous if, roughly speaking, the graph is a single unbroken curve with no "holes" or "jumps". 1 ∞ ⊆ − ( i {\displaystyle k} T I {\displaystyle |f(x)-f(y)|>\epsilon } {\displaystyle X} x This page was last edited on 23 December 2019, at 11:15. N . E R grows without bound. ∑ is a continuous map if x : Sometimes, it is useful to conclude that a sequence converges, even though the value to which it converges is unknown or irrelevant. ∉ k f {\displaystyle d:\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}} a x 0 . < 1 c < The case . T ) X | 2 is said to be an open cover of set sup {\displaystyle b} 1 {\displaystyle p\in E} → ) when ) , so T is non-empty. The topology induced by metric {\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }f(x)} (Note that despite the name, this theorem is not an axiom to us, but a theorem we deduce from the other axioms. {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } k x a n x ] I − ( ) . , a set is subsequentially compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, making this definition equivalent to the one given above. , x {\displaystyle \beta } By considering approximations consisting of a larger and larger ("infinite") number of smaller and smaller ("infinitesimal") pieces, the area bound by the curve can be deduced, as the upper and lower bounds defined by the approximations converge around a common value.

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