Bimetallic catalysts M-M'/Al2O3-Si (M, M' = Fe, Cu, Zn, Pt) have been evaluated too. 1249. Fetching data from CrossRef. Most types of ammonium nitrate do not continue to decompose once a fire has been extinguished. However, AN has some serious disadvantages — being well soluble in water hardly 50% of the N-species contained are assimilated by plants. When dealing with a large quantity of ammonium nitrate, localized areas of high temperature may be sufficiently confined by the mass of material to initiate an explosion. We then simulated thermal decomposition during heating to 2500 K. Thermal decomposition pathways agreed with experimental findings.
In the case of transport accidents, uncontrolled fires may not be avoidable.
Learn more. Even at typical burning surface temperatures (350 °C), gas-phase reactions involving nitramide and nitric acid play a significant role. carlo-adamo@chimie-paristech.fr, b
If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, These have, thus far, not produced guidance useful for promoting of safety from fire‐related causes. It was examined that mixtures of mineral oil and fertilizers containing over 20% of mineral meal detonated during the tests.
We have developed a new ReaxFF reactive force field parameterization for ammonium nitrate. Models predictions are validated by experimental data presented by Bhowmick et al. The explosive nature of ammonium nitrate is due to its decomposition into gaseous products (nitrogen, H 2 O vapor, and oxygen) and also due to the exothermic nature of the reaction. Vytenis Babrauskas, Fire Science and Technology Inc., New York, NY. Also not included is the performance of AN as the oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO. A new condensed-phase semi-detailed kinetic mechanism was developed and validated against original experiments performed in this study and experiments from other groups. Instructions for using Copyright Clearance Center page for details. The resulting heat and pressure from the decomposition of ammonium nitrate may build up if the reaction takes place in a confined space and the heat and gases created are not able to dissipate. Our channel. The aim of this paper was to clarify the influence of different lime-containing substances — mainly Estonian limestone and dolomite — as internal additives on thermal behaviour of AN. Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th Edition. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 1981, 31 (1) , 327-332. Thus, AN fertilizer explosions in storage are preventable accidents, because technology to preclude uncontrollable fires also has been available for a century. As a result of the BAM friction sensitivity test, all mixtures showed negative results. 491-181. Add to cart, Registered in England & Wales No. EUR 45.00 The decomposition temperature of pure ammonium nitrate is 170 °C, but recently Gunawan and Zhang calculated that an intimate mixture of ammonium nitrate and pyrite can decompose at temperatures as low as 50 °C in blast holes more than 0.2 m in diameter. The decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate in the gas phase was investigated and fully characterized by means of CBS-QB3 calculations. The largest heat of reaction was observed at a higher concentration than the stoichiometric composition. The TG-IR spectroscopy results revealed that more carbon dioxide was generated by AN mixed with activated carbon and AN mixed with carbon nanotubes than by the other two mixtures. Indeed, this level of theory provided the lowest deviations with respect to CBS-QB3 reference values, outperforming functionals especially developed for reaction kinetics. Leggett Technical Consulting, Playa del Rey, California. Contamination from inorganic sources, notably chlorides is better understood and some mechanisms have been studied. The decomposition mechanism of ammonium nitrate in the gas phase was investigated and fully characterized by means of CBS-QB3 calculations. Go to our
Decomposition creates toxic gases containing ammonia and nitrogen oxides. The effect of additives like oxides, cations, inorganic acids, organic compounds, phase-stablized CuO, etc., is discussed. formally request permission using Copyright Clearance Center. XX is the XXth reference in the list of references. This strictly stoichiometric reaction with practically no side-products has both analytical and technological aspects. Hazardous scenarios with ammonium nitrate can involve simple thermal decomposition initiated by external fire or other heating, self-sustained decomposition also known as "cigar burning," and detonation. The dependence of Gibbs free energy of activation on decomposition temperature was calculated. However, only Pt-based catalyst was able to trigger the decomposition at lower temperature (210 °C). In contrast, AN mixed with graphite and AN mixed with fullerene had a relatively small exothermic peak, the same as that observed for pure AN. Effect of ammonia on the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. The effect of an additive mainly occurs at the exothermic peak of pure AN in a temperature range of 200°C to 140°C. The thermal behavior of ammonium acetate, nitrate and chloride were investigated. of the whole article in a thesis or dissertation. In addition, the flame zone(s) were imaged via high-speed photography to provide detailed information of flame characteristics. Nevertheless, tests in batch reactor reveals mediocre results associated to very slow AN decomposition. 3099067 This reaction takes place at a temperature of over 300°C. Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, La décomposition thermique du nitrate d'ammonium pur.
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