[40] The directive governing food dyes approves the use of carmine for certain groups of foods only, but is still found in several products particularly alcoholic beverages. Carmine—a dye and pigment derived from a parasitic insect found in Central and South America—attained great status and value in Europe. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that, since no threshold dose can be established for allergic reactions, it is advisable that exposure to the eliciting allergens, such as proteinaceous compounds, in cochineal (E 120) is avoided by introducing appropriate purification steps in the manufacturing process. Truth Publishing International, LTD. is not responsible for content written by contributing authors. [20] The pharmaceutical industry uses cochineal to colour pills and ointments. Your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms and those published here. Vegetarians beware: Starbucks admits to using beetle extract in popular drink coloring, Dietitian singles out ground-up insects in red velvet cupcakes as the cause for growing food allergies, Ten horrifying ingredients that prove McDonald’s is not fit for consumption, Glucophage – uses, health risks, and side effects at NaturalPedia.com, Norvasc – uses, health risks, and side effects at NaturalPedia.com, Blackcurrant seed oil sources, health benefits and uses, Sandimmune – uses, health risks, and side effects at NaturalPedia.com. A weaker application of pigment commands less attention and has less power. [25] It takes about 80,000 to 100,000 insects to make one kilogram of cochineal dye. [24] The two methods of farming cochineal are traditional and controlled. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that, since no threshold dose can be established for allergic reactions, it is advisable that exposure to the eliciting allergens, such as proteinaceous compounds, is avoided as much as possible. [12] However, the product has become commercially valuable again. [13][25] Chile and Mexico also export cochineal. Class 1 or 2 reactions were found in a radioallergosorbent test to carmine; in only one case was a positive response found in a radioallergosorbent test to a carminic acid-human serum albumin conjugate 11). A number of studies show that cochineal extract may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. It no longer falls under the umbrella term “natural color.” Research shows that carmine can cause allergic reactions through direct contact, inhalation and digestion. She reported having had a pruritic, erythematous eruption after applying a cosmetic containing carmine directly to the skin, which did not occur if the cosmetic was applied over a foundation make-up. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the term Cochineal per se is a description of the ground bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa before extraction, and to the knowledge of the European Food Safety Authority Panel, this material is not used as a food colour. No studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion on cochineal extract, carminic acid or carmines were available for evaluation, but indirect evidence suggests that carmines are absorbed and distributed in the body. Many birds, human-commensal rodents (especially rats) and reptiles also prey on cochineal insects. A 30-year old man used carmine in chorizo for three months when he developed asthma. This would suggest that the Aztec associated the intensity of pigments with the idea of power and life. In addition, exposure to carmine may cause headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the specifications for carmines need to be updated with respect to the percentage of material not accounted for, including 4-aminocarminic acid. About 200 species of Opuntia cacti are known, and while it is possible to cultivate cochineal on almost all of them, the most common is Opuntia ficus-indica. For large-scale cultivation, advanced pest control methods have to be developed, including alternative bioinsecticides or traps with pheromones. [17] The image of Moctezuma's death (seen to the right) uses both indigenous and Spanish pigments, and is therefore representative of the transition and influence between cultures. All had positive responses in skin prick tests with Campari or the carmine used in its manufacture, but only one patient reacted to a commercially available carmine preparation. From there, she continued to reactions such as edema of the eyelids and irritation, followed by generalized urticaria (skin rash), intense stomach ache, and diarrhea. Wüthrich, B., Kägi, M.K. Ann. The remaining material (50 to 80 %) is not precisely specified, being only described as cations that may be present in excess in the colour and also maybe containing proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, together with free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations. Cochineal, carminic acid and carmines (E 120) are red anthraquinone dyes authorized as food additives in the European Union (EU), in accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 2). Therefore, it proves that the process of applying multiple layers is more significant in comparison to the actual color itself. By the beginning of the 17th century, it was traded internationally. Carmine may cause severe allergic reactions, which is why it needs to be labeled specifically as carmine or cochineal extract on ingredient labels. EFSA Journal 2015;13(11):4288 https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4288, SCF (Scientific Committee for Food), 1983. She had previously experienced reactions to various carmine-containing cosmetic products, and the results of skin prick tests to these substances were positive. The "tuna blood" dye (from the Mexican name for the Opuntia fruit) stopped being used and trade in cochineal almost totally disappeared in the course of the 20th century. [1] In Mexico, production and exportation of the dye has been found to lower poverty and improve female literacy. Minced cochineal beetles (Dactylopius coccus insects) retained a red colour after dialysis; after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several bands of relative molecular mass 23–88 kDa were recognized by sera from individual patients. Specific IgE to carmine was not detected at the time of the anaphylactic reaction but only after 1 year, during which time she had suffered minor allergic episodes caused by the presence of undeclared colours in foodstuffs 10). Angioedema is most often characterized by an abrupt and short-lived swelling of the skin and mucous membranes. The FDA required manufacturers to indicate if their product contains dyes from natural sources, including cochineal extract. The authors suggested that insect-derived proteins, possibly complexed with carminic acid, are responsible for allergy to carmine 16). Allergy Asthma Immunol., 74, 427–430. She also had experienced allergic reactions to other food items that didn’t have cochineal extract declared on their label. (The primary biological distinctions between species are minor differences in host plant preferences, along with very different geographic distributions. He was found to have developed severe bronchospasm. She underwent skin prick allergy tests that showed a positive allergic reaction to cochineal extract, which all the food items had. google_ad_client: "ca-pub-9759235379140764", "[3], Cochineal dye was used by the Aztec and Maya peoples of North and Central America as early as the second century BC. [7] The delicate manual labour required for the breeding of the insect could not compete with the modern methods of the new industry, and even less so with the lowering of production costs. Overall, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the available data suggest that cochineal extract and carmine do not show reproductive or developmental toxicity. Immunol., 105, S132. Figure 3. Known side effects are based primarily on case reports. This dye can produce a variety of shades such as pink, red, crimson, and purple.

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