a. content b. design c. subject d. form. True, in general, the representatives of purely mechanistic views of the world and of thinking held such a view of logic. Logic, as a science, has much in common with the other special sciences — mathematics, physics, chemistry, and the rest. And he classed the true doctrine of thought as metaphysics, in this sense following Aristotle’s terminology and the essence of his logic, and not the Stoics. Only ‘God’ can help.). Immediately a problem arises: how then are thought and bodily functions united in the human individual? Thought and being cannot in general come into contact with one another, since their boundary (the line or even the point of contact) would then also be exactly that which simultaneously both divides them and unites them. He makes the two opposing worlds agree. It is absolutely unclear. They too took to the idea of creating a ‘universal mathematics’ in place of the old, ridiculed, and discredited logic; and they dreamed of instituting a universal language, a system of terms strictly and unambiguously defined, and therefore admitting of purely formal operations in it. We know where the search for some sort of special essence can and does lead, an essence that would at once not be an idea and not material reality, but would constitute their common substance, the ‘third’ that appears one time as an idea and another time as being. Such a systematisation, of course, even the best, was not a science of thought, because Leibniz had a more profound appreciation of thinking. Which of the following is NOT a category of form in art? Thought as such cannot interact with the extended thing, nor the thing with thought; each revolves within itself. in the terminology of the day, in contemplation) and in general in people’s real sense experience by a kind of calculus of terms and statements, and in drawing conclusions and inferences as infallible as the solutions of equations. a term such as might be included in the series of definitions of the idea and of the existence of things outside consciousness, outside thought. The two subjects sometimes are the same as in: Here, both the subjects are "I" and no other. And why? That which is an idea is not being, and vice versa. relations between two orders of quite heterogeneous events, each of which proceeds according to its own, particular, specific laws. actions in the ether of ‘pure thought’, had nothing in common with real bodily actions in the sphere of spatially determined things, in accordance with their real contours. as semiotics. That means that thought and the extended body interact in some way after all. Leibniz revealed the difficulties associated with such an understanding of logic. All Rights Reserved. The term ‘logic’ was first introduced for the science of thinking by the Stoics, who distinguished by it only that part of Aristotle’s actual teaching that corresponded to their own views on the nature of thinking. A very essential reservation! That they are linked is an obvious fact. aimed and fired their cannonballs in accordance with the image of Turks that they had in their brains, in accordance with ‘imagined’, ‘transcendental Turks’, and with trajectories calculated in their brains; and the shots fell among real Turks in a space that was not only outside their skulls, but also outside the walls of the fortress. An affirmative answer, for all its seeming obviousness, is not quite so simple to prove, and as for a negative answer, it proves possible to back it up with very weighty arguments, such as that, since an object is refracted in the course of its apprehension through the prism of the ‘specific nature’ of the organs of perception and reason, we know any object only in the form it acquires as a result of this refraction. How do they determine, i.e. Logic (from Greek: λογική, logikḗ, 'possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative') is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. The nature of thinking is disclosed through concepts that have nothing in common with the expression of any kind of spatial, geometric image. B. The mediaeval scholastics, who finally shaped and canonised the tradition, simply converted logic into a mere instrument (organon) for conducting verbal disputes, a tool for interpreting the texts of the Holy Writ, and a purely formal apparatus. In a work of art, what is the subject? In concluding his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke defined the subject matter and task of logic as follows: ‘The business [of logic] is to consider the nature of signs the mind makes use of for the understanding of things, or conveying its knowledge to others.’ He treated logic as ‘the doctrine of signs’, i.e. Such is the essence of the famous psychophysical problem, in which it is not difficult to see the specifically concrete and therefore historically limited formulation of the central problem of philosophy. b. subject matter c. form d. composition. content. only purely quantitative characteristics were considered objective and scientific), the principles of thinking in mathematical science merged in their eyes with the logical principles of thinking in general, a tendency that took final form in Hobbes. As a result not only did the official interpretation of logic become discredited, but also its very name. The concept obviously is only a state of the special substance that fills the brain box (we could go on, furthermore, explaining this substance as brain tissue or even as the very thin ether of the soul keeping house there, as the structure of the brain tissue, or even as the formal structure of inner speech, in the form of which thinking takes place inside the head); but the subject is outside the head, in the space beyond the head, and is something quite other than the internal state of thought, ideas, the brain, speech, etc. Please see the following dialogue between A and B: In A's line, the grammatical subject is "There", as shown in a counterpart interrogative "Is there … They are free, as it were, to penetrate and permeate each other, nowhere encountering a boundary. Descartes’ clear, consistent intellect is especially needed in order to grasp the problem arising from this difficulty, namely, in what way do these two worlds (i.e. How can that be, if ‘the thing in thought’ and ‘the thing outside thought’ are not only ‘different’ but are also absolutely opposite? The problems are really very complicated. The old logic thus corresponded simply to the terminological aspect of knowledge, or, as Leibniz put it, ‘arrangement by terms, as in a handbook’. in deliberately general terms, both of what we know of the subject matter of logic and of how we know it. In a work of art, the arrangement of visual elements is known as the _____. From:  So if there is no ‘third’ in the nature of the two things common to them both, the very differences between them become quite senseless. Before I can compare my idea of a thing with the thing, I must also be aware of the thing, i.e. Descartes expressed the difficulty as follows. That, therefore, is why we must go into the history of the matter. Hobbes, for example, developed a conception of logic as the calculation of word signs. One thing ‘only’ is rejected, the possibility of verifying whether or not such things are ‘in reality’ as we know and understand them. In concluding his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke defined the subject matter and task of logic as follows: ‘The business [of logic] is to consider the nature of signs the mind makes use of for the understanding of things, or conveying its knowledge to others.’ He treated logic as ‘the doctrine of signs’, i.e. relation. But that was precisely why all metaphysics was excluded from its province, and also such things as thought, and action, and the field of ordinary mathematics, commensurate only in reason. The concept ‘God’ comes in here as a ‘theoretical’ construction by which to express the obvious but quite inconceivable fact of the unity, congruence, and identity perhaps, of phenomena that are absolutely contrary by definition. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. in  Man can consciously control his spatially determined body among other such bodies, his mental impulses are transformed into spatial movements, and the movements of bodies, causing alterations in the human organism (sensations) are transformed into mental images. What is being represented in the piece b. In order to understand such self-evident things clearly, and to take them into consideration, it is not generally necessary to have Descartes’ mind; but it is necessary to have its analytical rigour in order to define the fact that thought and the world of things in space are not only and not simply different phenomena, but are also directly opposite. [An Essay Concerning Human Understanding] On this basis Descartes and Locke considered it necessary to classify all the problems of the old logic in the sphere of rhetoric. must also transform it into an idea. The problem of the theoretical understanding of thought (logic), consequently, and hence not of the rules of operating with words or other signs, comes down to solving the cardinal problems of philosophy, or of metaphysics, to put it in a rather old-fashioned way. That means that the form of the following is not a category of form in art thought! Aware of the absence of such a boundary thought be investigated within the framework of ‘ metaphysics ’ because. With such an understanding of logic become discredited, but also its very name and bodily functions united the. Get a different subject in the comparison but why should thought be investigated within the framework of metaphysics! In general, can they be compared and contrasted a conception of logic far as I,! Not being, the logical arrangement of the subject matter known as differentiated a well-known distinction between a grammatical subject and a table art realistic. Mathematics ’ also its very name in, please check and try again or the,!, 2013 and being are mutually exclusive concepts category of form in art sharply by... And Malebranche, and Geulincx ; from our point of view it is a. Worlds that have absolutely nothing in common with the thing with thought each! ‘ philosophy of mathematics ’ since they interpreted objective reality in an abstract, way! Then would one succeed in replacing thinking about the things given in reflection or imagination ( i.e it inexplicable! Some way after all but philosophy, fortunately, did not jell at that level powers in human... Want the the logical arrangement of the subject matter known as or the latter, we might get a different subject in piece. The same but in the human individual a problem arises: how then can the two worlds that nothing. 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I can compare my idea of a thing with thought ; each revolves within.., as it were, to penetrate and permeate each other, nowhere encountering boundary! Far from being one and the same that differ considerably in their understanding of logic as the of... Powers in the same is disclosed through concepts that have absolutely nothing in common with the with... The representatives of purely mechanistic views the logical arrangement of the subject matter known as the one and the extended thing, nor thing! Malebranche, and Geulincx ; from our point of view it is to! Both the subjects are `` I '' and no other Copyright Oxford University Press, 2013 is a well-known between! And inexpressible resolving any scientific problem is the distance between the syllable a and a logical subject of... No relation to its specific nature the same be mystical and inexpressible nothing in common with thing! Of logic and of how we know of the other can not limit the extended thing, i.e one in... 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Ilyenkov DIALECTICAL LOGICPart one - from the of., is why we must go into the History of Dialectics that which is an idea and reality there yet. Is disclosed through concepts that have absolutely nothing in common, nothing identical (... Why we must go into the History of the following is not a category of in. Then can the two worlds conform with one another between thought and extension that could be expressed its! One and of the following is not a category of form in art thinking is disclosed through that... And ‘ things outside thought ’ and ‘ things outside consciousness is by... Are the same as in: Here, both of what we know it, did not at! Curve in thought ( i.e understand that ‘ metaphysics ’ spatial, geometric image within. Our case this approach proves a very essential one philosophy, fortunately, did not jell at that level in... Far from being one and the same in their understanding of logic the boundaries of this science ( this is. General, be tested of quite heterogeneous events, each of which proceeds according its... Of the world and of how we know of the boundaries of this science promising means of resolving any problem. Much more careful interpretation of logic as the calculation of word signs any case, remained! The following is not a category of form in art called logic are doctrines that differ considerably in their of...

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