For the best energy efficiency when electricity is the only option, consider an electric heat pump instead, which can double as an air conditioner to cool your home in the summer. Radiant heated floors perform best when there is nothing to slow the transfer of heat, like wood or cork flooring, but again, the effects aren’t so pronounced that you should fret about it. Darker colors are ideal for absorbing heat, but within the confines of a home, the heat collection advantage of darker floors is not that pronounced. Improving steam economy. Finally, after an additional five minutes of cooling, the crucible exhibits a weight slightly greater than that of the cold crucible, above. For heat transfer to occur, the temperature of the saturated steam must be higher than the boiling temperature of the feed. As electrons pass through the metal, they scatter as they collide with the metallic structure. This article focuses on evaporation as a continuous process, in which the feed and product streams are continuous and their concentrations remain constant. Clearly, high-mass materials used in exterior walls perform better than would be expected based solely on their steady-state R-values. At the end of this time, remove the flame and allow the crucible to cool on the iron triangle for a few minutes (right). If the water vapor from the first effect of a multiple-effect evaporator can be introduced into the steam chest of a second effect operating at a lower boiling point, the latent heat in the water vapor can be reused. Establishment of an ASHRAE committee to address the mass effect may also be in the works. Both the hot and cool crucibles should only be handled with tongs. Future-proofing homes: Latent heat from saturated steam drives the evaporation of water, and depending on the initial feed temperature, may also be used to raise the temperature to boiling. Sometimes there are indentations left during the manufacture of a crucible which will allow you to distinguish one from another. For example, if the outdoor temperature in Miami peaks at 95°F (35°C) at 5:00 on a summer afternoon, but it takes eight hours for the heat to travel through the wall, the effect of that peak temperature won’t be felt inside the building until the middle of the night. As for where to set the temperature at night, I would make that decision based primarily on comfort and whether or not you have a thermostat timer and wake at a regular time. These sections can be located within a single vessel (body), or the heating section may be external to the vessel that houses the vapor/liquid separation section. Some light will be reflected towards and out the window again, but you are pretty much splitting hairs at that point. Thermal vapor recompression (TVR) uses a steam ejector to compress the vapor leaving the evaporator vessel. Both of these heating options have some pros and cons property owners should consider before making a final selection. Concentration of fresh foods, such as fruit juices, is an economic way to make use of perishable crops during peak harvest periods (6). Thus, high-mass walls are most beneficial in moderate climates that have high diurnal (daily) temperature swings around the desired indoor setpoint. The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals lists “mean daily temperature range” data for hundreds of U.S. climates in the chapter on climate data. In northern climates, when the temperature during a 24-hour period in winter is always well below the indoor temperature, the mass effect offers almost no benefit, and the mass-enhanced R-value is nearly identical to the steady-state R-value. All evaporators are comprised of two sections: a heating section (called a steam chest) and a vapor/liquid separation section. Such a “Thermal Mass Rating Council” might oversee standards relating to how mass effect and mass-enhanced R-value are reported. To get a closer approximation of the evaporator rating, however, the heat loss is estimated to be 2% of the vapor energy input to each effect. Wilcox remains leery of the whole concept of mass-enhanced R-value—not that the effect exists, but whether it can be used clearly with building materials. What is a solar thermal collector? The heating and vapor/liquid separation sections are separated in this diagram, but in some types of evaporators, they may be located in the same body. The mass balances for the single-effect evaporator in Figure 3, which include the mass flowrates for feed (MF), product (MP), vapor (MV), steam (MS), and condensate (MC), are: ▲Figure 4. A radiant floor can be charged with heat overnight during low rate hours, and timed to stay off during peak rate hours. The steam economy of an evaporator can be improved by adding more effects.

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