The concept of London dispersion forces is introduced by focusing on the momentary dipoles that appear within each molecule and the effect these forces have on surrounding molecules to account for the differences in attraction. *More information about all DCI for HS-PS1 can be found at https://www.nextgenscience.org/dci-arrangement/hs-ps1-matter-and-its-interactions and further resources at https://www.nextgenscience.org. Students are also able to apply an understanding of the process of optimization in engineering design to chemical reaction systems. Though demonstrating the presence of these forces in a simple and explicit manner can easily be done, I wanted to change how I introduced IMFs a bit this year by focusing on a more data-to-concepts approach. The knowledge developed from this entire activity stems from an investigation of one property—surface tension. Always trying to better my profession. Negative excess surface tension was observed in the whole concentration range, indicating an enrichment of the surface region by n-pentane. Like any good scientific investigation, the evidence drove the understanding and I will certainly repeat this activity again in the future. After discussing how hydrogen bonds are stronger than the dipole-dipole interactions between the -OH groups of alcohols, students are asked to make and eventually test one last prediction by ranking the surface tension of water, decane, and octanol. Additionally, they see how pentanol compares to larger alkanes such as octane and decane. Ben, I love this! Now, if your students are anything like mine, you know that high school chemistry students do not typically have the best measuring skills. Modeling in 9–12 builds on K–8 and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships among variables between systems and their components in the natural and designed worlds. Once students have made their prediction at the end of Part 1, they are now able to evaluate their prediction by actually measuring the surface tension of decane, hexane, octane, and pentane. Examples of bulk properties of substances could include the melting point and boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension. In order to test whether pentane excretion is related to age, we measured breath pentane in 47 healthy subjects (ages 21-79). Love learning how the universe works. Phenomena involving nuclei are also important to understand, as they explain the formation and abundance of the elements, radioactivity, the release of energy from the sun and other stars, and the generation of nuclear power. (Image used with permission from Pivot Interactives). (Image used with permission from Pivot Interactives), Figure 6: Visualizing how the strong dipole attraction differs from the weak London attraction when pentanol molecules interact with one another (Image used with permission from Pivot Interactives). Blue arrows communicate how oppositely charged parts of each molecule are attracted to one another. Like many of the activities within the Pivot Interactives library, the beauty of this one comes from its creativity in experimental design and overall simplicity. Using a micrometer, a device used to measure small distances or thicknesses between its two faces, a small amount of a certain liquid is placed between a 1 mm gap. The crosscutting concepts of patterns, energy and matter, and stability and change are called out as organizing concepts for these disciplinary core ideas. Use of ChemEd X web site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use. Before you submit, you should first read the Contribution page and then follow the link to the Contribution Guidelines.
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