[328] Carl Jung was also influenced by Nietzsche. Writer Donald Mitchell noted that Gustav Mahler was "attracted to the poetic fire of Zarathustra, but repelled by the intellectual core of its writings." In works of powerful and beautiful prose (writing that differs from poetry in its rhythm and closeness to ordinary … The main theme in The Birth of Tragedy is that the fusion of Dionysian and Apollonian Kunsttrieben ("artistic impulses") forms dramatic arts or tragedies. von Müller, Hans. Friedrich Nietzsche. On 13 May, in Lucerne, when Nietzsche was alone with Salomé, he earnestly proposed marriage to her again, which she rejected. [331]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. Only the fertile interplay of these two forces brought together as an art represented the best of Greek tragedy.[168]. Nietzsche approached the problem of nihilism as a deeply personal one, stating that this problem of the modern world had "become conscious" in him. 70–79. contain a stimulating set of philosophical ideas. The essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote:[101]. "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895.". In 1869, he noted that the friendship with Wagner was “the greatest achievement” of his life. (1883) Nietzsche formed the ultimate test of the superman's In his short time in the military, he experienced much and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. For him, women had to sacrifice themselves to the care and benefit of men. After his death, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche became the curator and editor of her brother's manuscripts. Steiner abandoned the attempt after only a few months, declaring that it was impossible to teach her anything about philosophy. Yet they offer other examples in which Nietzsche expressed his affections to women, including Wagner's wife Cosima Wagner. That loss of strength in which suffering as such inflicts on life is still further increased and multiplied by pity. This leads to his conclusion that European culture, from the time of Socrates, had always been only Apollonian, thus decadent and unhealthy. qualities that give a unique value to human life. He went on to list the number of people Epicurus, for example, had to rely on to supply his simple diet of goat cheese.[82]. into a time where no one could define truth and the end of man was Allan Megill argues that, while Köhler's claim that Nietzsche was conflicted about his homosexual desire cannot simply be dismissed, "the evidence is very weak," and Köhler may be projecting twentieth-century understandings of sexuality on nineteenth-century notions of friendship. rise of Greek tragedy (a drama that describes a struggle between a hero Wagner's musical genius and the shabby messages While Nietzsche attacked the principles of Judaism, he was not antisemitic: in his work On the Genealogy of Morality, he explicitly condemned antisemitism and pointed out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood who he claimed antisemitic Christians paradoxically based their views upon. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;[44] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation of his work and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. Hamlet falls under this category—he glimpsed the supernatural reality through the Ghost, he has gained true knowledge and knows that no action of his has the power to change this. Nietzsche, who had been composing piano, choral and orchestral music since he was a teen, was drawn to the musical genius and magnetic personality of the already influential Wagner. Overbeck was dismissed and Gast finally co-operated. [73] Walter Kaufmann speculates that he might also have contracted syphilis at a brothel along with his other infections at this time. It could seem that the overman, in being devoted to any values at all, would necessarily fail to create values that did not share some bit of asceticism. Although Nietzsche has famously been misrepresented as a predecessor to Nazism, he criticized anti-Semitism, pan-Germanism and, to a lesser extent, nationalism. The two met Nietzsche in Rome in April 1882, and Nietzsche is believed to have instantly fallen in love with Salomé, as Rée had done. It is a consequence of overcoming hurdles to one's actions and the fulfillment of the will. Although most commentators regard his breakdown as unrelated to his philosophy, Georges Bataille dropped dark hints ("'Man incarnate' must also go mad")[110] and René Girard's postmortem psychoanalysis posits a worshipful rivalry with Richard Wagner. [16], After his death, his sister Elisabeth became the curator and editor of Nietzsche's manuscripts. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen) or [ˈniːtsʃə]; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history. In the year of 1889, during a stay in Turin, Italy, Friedrich Nietzsche had a complete mental breakdown and collapsed in the street. [246] The organicism of Paul Bourget influenced Nietzsche,[247] as did that of Rudolf Virchow and Alfred Espinas. In 1878 Nietzsche broke with Wagner and published Human, All-Too-Human, which marked a turn in style and analysis and powerfully attacked his former friend, whom he identified in the work only as “the artist.” By June 1879, Nietzsche’s deteriorating health led to his resignation from the university post—which he had held for ten years—at the age of 34. Other than Aphorism 36 in Beyond Good and Evil, where he raised a question regarding will to power as being in the material world, they argue, it was only in his notes (unpublished by himself), where he wrote about a metaphysical will to power. Further, he declared that In the absence of any religious One year before the publication of The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche wrote a fragment titled "On Music and Words". (1888). In Nietzsche's constructive works he sought to find in life ", The initial form of morality was set by a warrior aristocracy and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. Nietzsche asked Rée to propose marriage to Salomé, which she rejected. When he accepted his post at Basel, Nietzsche applied for annulment of his Prussian citizenship. Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. His reading in those years included the poetry and romantic writings of Friedrich Hölderlin and Jean-Paul Richter, and the controversial Life of Jesus Critically Examined (Das Leben Jesu kritisch bearbeitet, 1835) by David Strauss. Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany,[102] that the pope should be put in jail and that he, Nietzsche, created the world and was in the process of having all anti-Semites shot dead. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. [164][165] For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense what Nietzsche called the Primordial Unity, which revives Dionysian nature.
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